Japanese Battleship Yamato in World War II

Japanese Battleship Yamato in World War II One of the largest battleships ever built, Yamato entered service with the Imperial Japanese Navy in December 1941. The battleship and its sister, Musashi, were the only battleships ever constructed with 18.1 guns. Though incredibly powerful, Yamato suffered from a relatively low top speed as its engines were underpowered. Taking part in several campaigns during World War II, the battleship was ultimately sacrificed during the Allied invasion of Okinawa. Ordered south as part of Operation Ten-Go, Yamato was to break through the Allied fleet and beach itself on the island to serve as an artillery battery. While steaming to Okinawa, the battleship was attacked by Allied aircraft and sunk. Design Naval architects in Japan began work on the Yamato-class of battleships in 1934, with Keiji Fukuda serving as the chief designer. Following Japans 1936 withdrawal from the Washington Naval Treaty, which forbade new battleship construction before 1937, Fukudas plans were submitted for approval. Initially meant to be 68,000-ton behemoths, the design of the Yamato-class followed the Japanese philosophy of creating ships that were bigger and superior to those likely to be produced by other nations. For the ships primary armament, 18.1 (460 mm) guns were selected as it was believed that no US ship with similar guns would be capable of transiting the Panama Canal. Originally conceived as a class of five ships, only two Yamatos were completed as battleships while a third, Shinano, was converted to an aircraft carrier during building. With the approval of Fukudas design, plans quietly moved forward to expand and specially prepare a dry dock at the Kure Naval Dockyards for construction of the first ship. Veiled in secrecy, Yamato was laid down on November 4, 1937. Early Issues In order to prevent foreign nations from learning the actual size of the ship, Yamatos design and cost were compartmentalized with few knowing the true scope of the project. In order to accommodate the massive 18.1 guns, Yamato featured an extremely wide beam which made the ship very stable even in high seas. Though the ships hull design, which featured a bulbous bow and a semi-transom stern, was tested extensively, Yamato was unable to achieve speeds higher than 27 knots making it unable to keep up with most Japanese cruisers and aircraft carriers. This slow speed was largely due to the vessel being underpowered. In addition, this issue led to high levels of fuel consumption as the boilers struggled to produce enough power. Launched with no fanfare on August 8, 1940, Yamato was completed and commissioned on December 16, 1941, shortly after the attack on Pearl Harbor and the beginning of World War II in the Pacific. Entering service, Yamato and its sister Musashi became the largest and most powerful battleships ever built.  Commanded by Captain Gihachi Takayanagi, the new ship joined the 1st Battleship Division. Fast Facts: Japanese Battleship Yamato Overview Nation: JapanType: BattleshipShipyard: Kure Naval DockyardLaid Down: November 4, 1937Launched: August 8, 1940Commissioned: December 16, 1941Fate: Sunk in action, April 7, 1945 Specifications Displacement: 72,800 tonnesLength: 862 ft. 6 in. (overall)Beam: 127 ft.Draft:: 36 ft.Propulsion: 12 Kampon boilers, driving 4 steam turbines and 4 propellersSpeed: 27 knotsRange: 7,145 miles at 16 knotsComplement: 2,767 men Armament (1945) Guns 9 x 18.1 in. (3 turrets with 3 guns each)6 x 6.1 in.24 x 5 in.162 x 25 mm anti-aircraft4 x 13.2 mm anti-aircraft Aircraft 7 aircraft using 2 catapults Operational History On February 12, 1942, two months after its commissioning, Yamato became the flagship of the Japanese Combined Fleet led by Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto. That May, Yamato sailed as part of Yamamotos Main Body in support of the attack on Midway. Following the Japanese defeat at the Battle of Midway, the battleship moved to the anchorage at Truk Atoll arriving in August 1942. The ship remained at Truk for much of the next year largely due to its slow speed, high fuel consumption, and a lack of ammunition for shore bombardment. In May 1943, Yamato sailed to Kure and had its secondary armament altered and new Type-22 search radars added. Returning to Truk that December, Yamato was damaged by a torpedo from USS Skate en route. Yamato and Musashi at Truk, 1943. Public Domain After repairs were completed in April 1944, Yamato joined the fleet during the Battle of the Philippine Sea that June. During the Japanese defeat, the battleship served as an escort in  Vice Admiral Jisaburo Ozawas Mobile Fleet. In October, Yamato fired its main guns for the first time in battle during the American victory at Leyte Gulf. Though hit by two bombs in the Sibuyan Sea, the battleship aided in sinking an escort carrier and several destroyers off Samar. The following month, Yamato returned to Japan to have its anti-aircraft armament further enhanced. After this upgrade was completed, Yamato was attacked by US aircraft with little effect while sailing in the Inland Sea on March 19, 1945. With the Allied invasion of Okinawa on April 1, 1945, Japanese planners devised Operation Ten-Go. Essentially a suicide mission, they directed  Vice Admiral Seiichi Ito to sail Yamato south and attack the Allied invasion fleet before beaching itself on Okinawa as a massive gun battery. Once the ship was destroyed, the crew was to join the islands defenders. Operation Ten-Go Departing Japan on April 6, 1945, Yamatos officers understood that it was to be the vessels last voyage. As a result, they permitted the crew to indulge in saki that evening. Sailing with an escort of eight destroyers and one light cruiser, Yamato possessed no air cover to protect it as it approached Okinawa. Spotted by Allied submarines as it exited the Inland Sea, Yamatos position was fixed by US PBY Catalina scout planes the next morning. Japanese battleship Yamato blows up, following massive attacks by U.S. Navy carrier planes north of Okinawa, 7 April 1945. An escorting destroyer is at left. Photographed from a USS Yorktown (CV-10) plane. US Naval History and Heritage Command Attacking in three waves, SB2C Helldiver dive bombers  pummeled the battleship with bombs and rockets while TBF Avenger torpedo bombers assaulted Yamatos port side. Taking multiple hits, the battleships situation deteriorated when its water damage-control station was destroyed.  This prevented the crew from counter-flooding specially designed spaces on the starboard side to keep the vessel from listing. At 1:33 PM, Ito directed the starboard boiler and engine rooms flooded in an effort to right Yamato. This action killed several hundred crewmen working in those spaces and cut the battleships speed to ten knots. At 2:02 PM, the admiral elected to cancel the mission and ordered the crew to abandon ship. Three minutes later, Yamato started to capsize. Around 2:20 PM, the battleship rolled over and began sink before being torn open by a massive explosion. Of the ships crew of 2,778, only 280 were rescued. The US Navy lost ten aircraft and twelve airmen in the attack.

Multicultralism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Multicultralism - Essay Example As the first man found his way to the trunk, he stroked the beast, calming and reassuring it that they meant no harm. The others eventually found the animal, and they spent most of the afternoon stroking and feeling the pachyderm in order to determine just what an elephant is, and to build a clear image in their own minds. As the sun began to set, the animal meandered off, leaving the men to discuss their experience. The four were each excited, and burst into chatter as they found their way back to the path which led to their village. "What a majestic beast the elephant is," said the first. "An elephant is like a large tree, strong and unbending; only with skin hard and strong rather than rough bark." This man had been holding the elephant's leg, and could only visualize the creature in terms he could compare to a familiar object. "A tree, did you get lost in the forest again" asked the second. "An elephant isn't like a tree. It is long, and winding. An elephant has many rumples up and down its back, and when it breaths, the moist air is like a windstorm." This man had been grasping the elephant's trunk, and he was sure that his encounter with the beast was the correct one. The other two added to the argu... The fourth had encountered snakes before, and this elephant was no more impressive than these. The four men became so heated in their debate, defending their own positions rather than listening to the others that their conversation ended in stony silence. Eventually, as they came across different paths in the jungle the men separated. Each decided that he could better experience the jungle by themselves than to continue company with a group of blind and ignorant men. Sadly to say, none of the men made it out of the jungle alive. Blind and alone, they made easy prey to the land's natural predators. This fable is an accurate illustration of the current multicultural debate. The parties debate who social order should be arrayed as a result of a multicultural mindset. The factions fight over verbiage, stereotypes, and even the purpose of educational, political and social order in order to defend their own perspective. While each faction has its own piece of accurate truth, the idea of creating a culture together is quickly becoming lost in the disagreement. As a result, our culture is more at risk of loosing the strength and protective power it once had when all our citizens were working for a common good, for a common goal, for a strong and prosperous economic and social structure which provided opportunity for all its citizens. Defining the elephant Harrison gives this rather vague definition. "Multiculturalism...is a theory (albeit vague) about the foundations of a culture rather than a practice which subsumes cultural ideas." (Harrison, 1984) His input is about as helpful as asking directions from one of the proverbial blind men. But the idea is that a multicultural mindset is one which recognizes, and even promotes the

Air Travelers Profiling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Air Travelers Profiling - Essay Example Profiling systems are a part of the legal structure for security which has become an established part of what airport security and counter terrorism today has created for us. The Patriot Act and the Real ID act are just two examples of how civil liberties have become less important than the idea of securing a nation from its own citizens. Another negative aspect of the law is the ability of law enforcers to detain individuals without presenting them arrest warrants or allowing them to seek legal advice without granting them security clearance. Halperin (2003) reports exactly such an incident when he was held at gunpoint in a restaurant while federal officers checked for his legal status in the United States (even though he was an American citizen) and quizzed him about his out of state driving license.The law appears to have served its purpose in reducing attacks on American soil and American citizens. If simple safety is a measure of how successful the laws have been then there can be little argument that the laws have been largely successful in keeping us safe even though from the articles described by Hudson, it does not appear that Americans feel any safer. It must be remembered that the American governmental and administrative system is founded on the basis of checks and balances which control how much power the government can actually have.If the profiling rules are seen by enough people as being too harsh, or they are seen as being against the Constitution itself, I believe that we can trust the judicial system.

Object Relations Theories: Klein and Winnicot.

Object Relations Theories: Klein and Winnicot. A Critical Evaluation of the Object Relations Theories of Melanie Klein and Donald Winnicott. Klein describes conflicting forces within the psyche, detailing how they interact with equally conflicting external forces, producing a mental structure understood in terms of relationships. The central elements of her theory are the â€Å"death instinct† and the â€Å"paranoid skitzoid position†, in which part objects are created by splitting. Along with the â€Å"depressive position† which arises upon the child realising those part objects are actually whole objects, (Frosh, 1987). In the depressive position guilt makes its appearance, as the childs realizes that the object of its envious attacks is also the object that it loves (Segal 1992). Along with guilt the child feels gratitude towards the mother and thus the desire for reparation arises. It is this conflict between love and hate, torn by conflicting desires for the caring preservation of others against the malicious destruction of others that Klein saw as being central to the human experience (Greenberg, 1983). I am speaking of an innate conflict between love and hate, I am implying that the capacity both for love and destructive impulses is, to some extent, constitutional, although varying individually in strength and interacting from the beginning with external conditions. (Klein, 1957, p180(Frosh, 1987)) Winnicott did not produce a coherent theoretical structure he did evolve ideas which have stood the test of time (Gomez, 1988). His ideas being centred around dependence conflicting with the stages of â€Å"absolute, relative and toward† independence (Jacobs, 1995). With children beginning life in â€Å"absolute dependence†, and the mother in a state of â€Å"primary maternal pre-occupation† (Winnicott, 1965) by helping to contain the childs primitive agonies (Jacobs, 1995)providing a ‘holding enviroment for the infants sense of ‘omnipotent phantasy'(Stevens, 1996). Potential Space Transitional Objects This provides a sense of trust and goodness in the world leading to the â€Å"capacity to be alone† and â€Å"play†. (Stevens, 1996). Within the realms of â€Å"potential space†, facilitated by â€Å"transitional objects† Winnicott proposed mismanagement of impingements encourages development of a false self covering and distorting the childs true self (Jacobs, 1995). KLEIN MAIN BODY DEATH INSTINCT 94 Klein considered the death instinct is the central source of disturbances in a childs experiences (Frosh, 1987) Klein argued that early channelling of the death instinct must take place for the infant to survive (Greenberg, 1983), proposing that even in good nurturing environment children still experience fears and anxieties creating aggressive and destructive emotions (Frosh, 1987). Winnicott doubted Kleins retention of Freuds death instincts (Winnicott, 1965), considering the concepts to be superfluous rather than wrong (Gomez, 1988). And Kernberg (1969) proposed the death instinct could be dropped without damaging her other presentations due to the â€Å"total lack of clinical evidence† supporting an innate death instinct (Segal, 1992). PHANTASY 106 Klein thought the death instinct taints childrens phantasys (Frosh, 1987), with sensations being interpritated as unconscious phantasys based on innate knowledge and experience (Hinshelwood, 1991). Unconscious phantasy differs from Fantasy, being a vaguer, primitive composition of images and sensations at a pre-linguistic stage, taking place on an unconscious level (Hough, p88). Klein proposed children view the external world through phantasies, not perceiving things as they are (Segal, 1992), and observed childrens lives to be dominated by unconscious and sometimes conscious phantasies about parental sexuality (Segal, 1981). Unconscious phantasies underlie every mental process and accompany all mental activity. They are mental representations of those somatic events in the body which comprise the instincts, and are physical sensations interoperated as relationships with objects that cause those sensations. A Dictionary of Kleinian Thought (Hinshelwood, 1991) Guntrip (1971) accused Klein of depicting the objects of human passion as phantasmagoric, without real connection to other people, counterclaiming this argument is Kleins frequently mentioning the importance of real others (Greenberg, 1983). SPLITTING 84 words When fantasies and perceptions are kept apart infants split both the object and themselves (Segal, 1992), this splitting is a defence manoeuvre arising from projective and introjective defence mechanisms (Frosh, 1987). Seeking to disown and distance either projection created anxiety inducing objects or hostile elements the mind often resorts to this disasociative psychic process (Likerman, p88). Klein viewed the mind as inherently split, unlike others who propose the minds initial unity which becomes divided by experiences (Frosh, 1987), extreme splitting can become a threat at times due to its terrifyingly persecuting nature (Segal, 1992). PART OBJECTS 99 words Splitting creates part objects which are considered to be modes of relating rather than the building blocks of phantasy. (Gomez, 1988). Klein considered the original part object to be the mothers breast (Hinshelwood, 1991) It may seem curious that the tiny childs interest should be limited to a part of a person rather than the whole, but one must bear in mind first of all that the child has an extremely underdeveloped capacity for perception, physical and mental, and then.. the child is only concerned with his immediate gratifications. (Klein 1936, p290) (Hinshelwood, 1991) Needing to make sense of the chaos of the world a child makes the division between good and bad, with both categories kept far apart as Klein belived that it was more important to achive some order than to assimilate an accurate interpretation of reality (Gomez, 1988). Astor (1989) challenged this based on observations, claiming the breast is initially whole, later becoming part of the whole body before becoming a combined object (Jacobs, 1995). PARANOID SKITZOID POSITION Klein proposed the paranoid skitzoid position as the first organization of experience in everyones early years, being maintained episodically throughout life. She considered a clear distinction between bad and good objects important, being maintained with the both extremes polarized in emotional tone and conceptual organization (Black, p91-3). As regards splitting of the object, we have to remember that in states of gratification love feelings turn towards the gratifying breast, while in states of frustration hatred and persecutory anxiety attach themselves to the frustrating breast. This twofold relation, implying a division between love and hatred in relation to the object, can only be maintained by splitting the breast into its good and bad aspects. With the splitting of the object, idealization is bound up, for the good aspects of the breast are exaggerated as a safeguard against the fear of the persecuting breast. Paranoia is the persecutory fear of invasive external melevolance, and skitzoid refers to the splitting of good and bad. It is considered a position being a fundamental way of formulating experience, enabling individuals to relate to others from the different perspectives of oneself, rather than being a passing phase (Black, p91-3). PROJECTIVE IDENTIFICATION 98 Projective identifcation describes extensions of splitting in which parts of the ego are separated from the self and projected into objects (Greenberg, 1983). By putting bad qualities into another, the other is considered to possess the bad qualities which they cannot stand in themselves. A â€Å"phantasy remote from consciousness† that entails a belief in certain aspects of the self being located elsewhere. A Dictionary of Kleinian Thought (Hinshelwood, 1991) Being a very deep split creates amplified perceptions of people and emotions as they cannot be regulated by their opposites. (Segal, 1992). Ogden (1979) proposed projective identification to be a threefold process, firstly ridding oneself of internally attacking objects, then projecting fantasy into recipient through interactions with the recipient finally experiencing themselves as they are pictured in the projection (Fineill, 1985). CONTAINMENT 61 Klein derived containment from projective identification, where one person in a sense contains part of another, when a child splits off their fears and contains them in an object. Klein proposed that if these split fears are allowed to repose in the mother for long enough then they can be modified and safely reintrojected, considering this the beginning of mental stability (Hinshelwood, 1991). WHOLE OBJECTS 95 When ‘good and ‘bad part objects are realized as individual objects they are considered whole objects. As whole objects are realized the child begins to understand that others have mixed feelings and emotions, and also begins to perceive that others can suffer, resulting in the child no longer defining others by its own needs and feelings (Hinshelwood, 1991). Appreciating the mother as an individual and seeing her as an whole object, the mother becomes no longer simply a vechle for drive gratification, but instead an â€Å"other† with whom the child is able to maintain a personal relationships (Greenberg, 1983). ENVY 99 Envy is a two person emotion, experienced upon realizing the inability of being as good as the good object. This hatred directed towards good objects, and the childs desire to destroy the source of goodness due to â€Å"envy† of its independence (Greenberg, 1983), This phantasised destruction of the good object terrifies the child because it destroys the possibility of hope (Greenberg, 1983). Being projective, by trying to put badness in to the good object to destroy it (Frosh, p125). It is a destructive attack on the source of life, on the good object, not on the bad object, and it is to be distinguished from ambivalence and from frustration. It is held to be innate in origin as part of the instinctual endowment, and requires the mechanism of splitting as an initial defence operating at the outset. A Dictionary of Kleinian Thought (Hinshelwood, 1991) Winnicott, Bowlby and Fairburn took issue with Kleins perception of children possessing innate feelings of aggression towards the mother (Segal, 1992), considering envy a product of tantalizing mothering (Adams, 1988) DEPRESSIVE POSITION 126 The depressive position is considered a way of dealing with anxiety arising from the death instinct (Segal, 1992), being a combination of phantasies and attitudes begining around three months. This involves intergrating experiences rather than splitting them (Segal, p38), where loving and hateful relations are unified in whole objects (Greenberg, 1983) and the child gives up its omnipotent world perspective (Hinshelwood, 1991). Depressive anxiety is based on the fate of others both internally and externally. Not only being the childs reaction against its own destructiveness, but a genuine expression of love and regret, developing into gratitude for the mothers goodness. Alternitivly Racker claims that both depressive and paranoid skitzoid anxieties are due to childrens intense desire for their mothers love (Greenberg, 1983) and Winnicott preferred the term â€Å"concern† considering the infants protective feelings toward their mothers (Jacobs, 1995). GRATITUDE 22 Klein considered that love and gratitude are innate, with gratifying objects enhancing gratitude and love and frustrating objects provoking paranoia and hate (Hinshelwood, 1991) REPERATION 59 Reperation is considered the strongest element of the creative and constructive urges (Hinshelwood, 1991) It is in the depressive position when Klein proposes that guilt makes its appearance. Klein considered that a childs aggression gave rise to anxiety as it conflicts with the powerful loving impulses, these loving impulses proposed by Klein are often overlooked by those wishing to criticize Klein (Segal, 1992) Winnicott Absolute Dependence 110 Winnicott said:- There is no such thing as a baby If you set out to describe a baby, you will find you are describing a baby and someone. A baby cannot exist alone, but is essentially part of a relationship† (Winnicott, 1947) (Stevens, 1996) During the stage of absolute dependence Winnicott considered the mothers state to be â€Å"Primary Maternal Pre-ocupatoin† a very early sage of emotional development where she feels the baby is a part of herself, leaving the baby with no means of awareness of material provisions (Winnicott, 1965). Thus not differentiating between itself and its environment (Gomez, 1988), the child can only profit or suffer from disturbance being unable to gain control over how things are done. But dispite the infants physical dependence, psychologically it is paradoxically dependant and independent (Winnicott, 1965). Winicott considerd the development of a strong ego to be dependant on the mothers ability to meet the early absolute dependence of the infant (Jacobs, 1995) Primitive agonies Winnicotts primitive agonies are a description of the childs fear of going to pieces and eternally falling, having no relation to the body with no orientation in the world while in complete isolation with no means of communication. These may surface in later life as psychotic or borderline-state anxieties (Gomez, p88-89). He claimed the good enough mother creates a holding enviroment capable of containing these unthinkable anxietys enabling stable ego development (Jacobs, 1995). Holding Impingment Winnicotts reference to holding is both physical holding and the childs enviroment (Winnicott, 1965). Where the mothers creates the space and ability to facilitate the childs creative and imaginative self, while the child forms the object relations that it needs. This is dependant in part on the satisfaction that the mother is able derive from relating to and facilitating her childs internal struggling. (Newman, p789) reducing impingements to a minimum, with favourable conditions the infant is able to establish continuity in its existance The enviroment does not make the child. At best it enables the child to realize potential. (Winnicott, 1965) Impingments break the continuity of the infants existence, and constant impingments disrupt the childs ability to intergrate, encouraging future mental problems (Winnicott, 1965), Impingement anxiety is a product of environmental failure (newman, p790) Winnicott considered Kleins envious baby to be the product of a failed holding enviroment (Adams, 1988). Condidering the child as more benign, victimized product of its enviroment (Greenberg, 1983). In contrast Winnicott, Klein considered the childs internal environment to predominate the childs interactions with the world. False Self In unreceptive enviroments Winnicott argued that children cannot maintain genuine needs and wishes, because the caretakers agenda must be dealt with by the child. Thus the child shapes themselves according to the cartakers vision, compliently creating a false self (Michell, p105), a conscious, compliant version of the self, which under certain conditions hides and protects the ‘true self in the unconscious (Stevens, p312). This is due to the dual malignant introjection firstly of the faulty caretaker who is either too narcacistic or too controlling and secondly the caretakers incapacity to manage the childs resultant reactions to their shortfalls leading to the childs internalization of both the disappointing parent and the parents inability to deal with the dissapointment, this impingment leads to the development of a false self to deal with the anxiety created by this situation (newman, p791) True Self Winnicott considered the separated â€Å"Me† or â€Å"I am† from others is the true self (Jacobs, 1995). If there is sufficient attunement between the child and the mother then the infants ‘true self emerges from activitys in the ‘transitional space (Stevens, 1996). But if a childs bodily functions are managed impersonally or if it is left alone physically or mentally then it may attempt to identify more with the mind than the body, leaving the child perceiving its ‘true self as an ethereal intangible quality. (Gomez, 1988) Potential Space In order to give a place for playing Winnicott proposed a paradoxical dynamic dialectic position known as potential space between the baby and mother. (ogden, 1979) being a hypothetical area which exists (and cannot exist) between mother and child, this potential space varies a great deal according to each childs life experience in relation to their mother figure (Winnicott, 1971) Early life experiences determine each individuals use of this space, where each individual has their most intense experiences. Each infant has favourable or unfavourable experience within this space where dependence is maximal, thus potential space is only in relation to a feeling of confidence relative to the environmental factors, this confidence is evidence of the dependability that has being introjected by the individual. (Winnicott, 1971). Ogden (1979) proposed the each pole of the dialectic relationship within potential space creates, informs and negates the other as the child moves from absolute to relative dependence. Transitional Objects and Phenomina Transitional objects are concerned with the first possession and its relation to the intermediate area between subjective and objective perception of the child (Winnicott, 1971). It is not the object that is transitional, but rather that object is the first manifestation of the infants altering perspective of the world, shifting from a internal psychic reality to the external world. (Cooper, 1989) Unlike the mother the transitional object is neither under internal control, nor is it outside external control (Winnicott, 1971) being the first not me. It stands for the breast and is a symbolic part object (Winnicott, 1951, p231 233) The child cannot live without it. It mustnt be washed or altered, even if it becomes threadbare. The child must be allowed to abandon it in its own time and its own way. It is not mourned; it is left behind, ‘relegated to the limbo of half-forgotten things at the limbo of half forgotten things at the bottom of a chest of drawers, or at the back of a the toy cupboard. (Winnicott, 1971) Brody (1980) claimed transitional objects more comforting substitues for insufficient mothering than a universal phenomenon, citing reduced occurrence in rural areas (Jacobs, 1995). Play 88 Winnicotts concern with play arose from his interest in a childs experience of the ‘transitional object. (Cooper, 1989) Winnicott said â€Å"Play is immensely exciting because of the precariousness of the interplay of personal psychic reality and the experience of control of actual objects† (Cooper, 1989) Playing is the interplay between inter personal psychic reality and the experience of control of actual objects, the precarious nature of playing is due to its existence on the theoretical line between the subjective world and the perceived one (Winnicott, 1971) Winnicott agreed with Klein proposing that certain aspects of childrens play are external projections of their internal experiences with toys becoming subjective objects (Winnicott, 1965) and considered play to be a universal and healthy behaviour (Winnicott, 1971) The Capacity to be Alone 124 Although the infant is alone, the carer is still present in the general environment due to the presence of familiar objects (Winnicott, 1971) The basis of the capacity to be alone is a paradox, it is the experience of being alone while someone else is present. (Cooper, 1989) Winnicott proposed that it is dependent on the presence of a good internal object, for this presence enables a feeling of confidence in the present and future. Considering the capacity to be alone closely related to emotional maturity, its basis is the experience of being alone while in the presence of another, and is a highly sophisticated phenomenon with many contributing factors. (Winnicott, p 1971) Hà ¤mà ¤là ¤inen (1999), proposed that everyone lives in the solitude of subjectivity, considering the capacity to be alone a capacity to tolerate the absence and lack of aloneness along with yearning for closeness, while simaltaniously enjoying the unity and connection of social life. CONCLUSION The lack of critisism for Winnicotts work may be due to the fact that dispite his prolific writing he did not compose a comprihesive theory. (Jacobs, 1995) Kleins perspective is intrapsychic (one person) where as Winnicott is interpersonal (two-person) (Stevens, 305) (RELATES TO INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL) MASCULINE FEMININE. The premises of Kleins theorys are subjective rather than objective and philosophical rather than scientific (Gomez, p33), Winnicotts writing style is considered to be impressionistic than anylitical and although (Gomez, p86-8). A positive aspect of Kleins theory is achievement of gratitude and love with social relations can be achieved in the face of negative aspects such as envy and greed (Frosh, p127) Some consider Kleins approach to be to deterministic, proposing that she considers that events that happen in later life have a negligible effect on the psychic makeup developed in the childs formative period (Segal, p91). Kleins perspective that it is not only external influences that lead to childhood can be considered a important counterweight to the argument that it is purely the fault of parents when children suffer problems mentally (Segal, p88). Those who are followers of Winnicott consider a child to be a far more benign and victimised creature than Kleinian followers, in Winnicotts book â€Å"The Child the Family and the Outside World† Winnicott expresses strong disagreement with Kleins proposal of a child projecting personal hated and â€Å"bad† aspects onto or into objects, Critics of Klein consider her work to be tangential to Fruedian thinking in a highly speculative and fantastic manor noting that the forceful and certain manor of writing leads to hyperbole and overgeneralization (Greenberg, p120) In defence of Klein it can be argued that those who critize her work do so as they fail to take a close and balanced approach to her work and thus focus exclusively upon aggression with out considering the balancing factors of other motives (Greenberg, p120) It is claimed that the contribution of problematic features of the childs environment such as family and living conditions are not taken into account for their establishment of original bad objects in the psychopathology in individuals and it is claimed that Fairburn and Winnicot were able to explore possibilities of external factors due to their not being encoumbered by attachement to Freuds drive model of the human psyche (Greenberg, p147) REFERENCES Adams, P (1988). Winnicott. London: Penguin Astor, J. (1989). The Breast as Part of the Whole: Theoretical considerations concerning whole and part objects. Journal of Analytical Psychology. 34 (1), 117-128. Ad Black, M,J (1995). Freud and Beyond. New York: Basic Books. Cooper, R (1989). Thresholds Between Philosophy and Psychoanalysis. London: Free Association Books. Fineill, J.S. (1985). Projective Identification and Psychotherapeutic Technique. Thomas H. Ogden. New York: Jason Aronson, 1982, 236 pp.. Psychoanal. Rev., 72:671-673. Frosh, S (1987). The Politics of Psychoanalysis. London: Macmillan Press. Gomez, L (1988). An Introduction to Object Relations. London: Free Association Books. Greenberg J.R Mitchell S.A (1983). Object Relations in Psychoanalytic Theory. London: Harvard University Press. Hà ¤mà ¤là ¤inen, O. (1999). Some considerations on the capacity to be alone. Scand. Psychoanal. Rev., 22:33-47. Hinshelwood, R.D (1991). A Dictionary of Kleinian Thought. Sidmouth: Chase Publishing Services. Hough, M (1998). Conselling Skills and Theory. London: Hodder Stoughton Educational. Jacobs (1995). D.W.Winnicott. London: Sage Publications LTD. Klein, M. (1946). Notes on Some Schizoid Mechanisms. Int. J. Psycho-Anal., 27:99-110. Likierman, M (2001). Melanie Klein: Her Work in Context. London: Continuum. Mitchell, S,A (1988). Relational Concepts in Psychoanalysis. London: Harvard University Press. Newman K.M. (1996). Winnicott Goes To The Movies: The False Self In Ordinary People. Psychoanal Q. 65 (1), 787-807. Ogden, T.H. (1979). On Projective Identification. Psycho-Anal. 60 (1), 357-373. Segal, H (1981). Klein. London: Karnac Books. Segal, J (1992). Melanie Klein. London: Sage Publications. Stevens, R (1996). Understanding the Self. London: Sage Publications LTD. Winnicott, D,W (1965). The Maturational Process and the Facilitating Enviroment. London: The Hogarth Press. Winnicott, D,W (1971). Playing and Reality. London and New York: Routledge Classics. BIBLIOGRAPHY Astor, J. (1989). The Breast as Part of the Whole: Theoretical considerations concerning whol J. Anal. Psychol., 34:117-128. Bacal, H.A. (1987). British Object-Relations Theorists and Self Psychology: Some Critical Re Int. J. Psycho-Anal., 68:81-98. Balint, M. (1952). New Beginning and the Paranoid and the Depressive Syndromes. Int. J. Psycho-Anal., 33:214-224. Black, M,J. Mitchell S,A. (1995), Freud and Beyond, Basic Books, New York Cooper, R (1989), Thresholds Between Philosophy and Psychoanalysis, Free Association Books, London Frosh, S (1987), The Politics of Psychoanalysis, Macmillan Press, London Hinshelwood, R.D. (1991), A Dictionary of Kleinian Thought, Chase Publishing Services, Sidmouth. Hough, M (1998), Conselling Skills and Theory, Hodder Stoughton Educational, London. Gomez, L (1988), An Introduction to Object Relations, Free Association Books, London. Greenberg J.R Mitchell S.A (1983), Object Relations in Psychoanalytic Theory, Harvard University Press, London Kernberg International Journal of Psychoanalysis. L, 1969: A Contribution to the Ego-Psychological Critique of the Kleinian School. Otto F. Kernberg. Pp. 317-333. Likierman, M (2001), Melanie Klein: Her Work in Context, Continuum, London Mitchell, S,A (1988), Relational Concepts in Psychoanalysis, Harvard University Press, London Newman K.M. (1996). Winnicott Goes To The Movies: The False Self In Ordinary People. Psychoanal Q., 65:787-807. Segal, H (1981), Klein, Karnac Books, London Segal, J (1992), Melanie Klein, Sage Publications, London Stevens, R (1996), Understanding the Self, Sage Publications LTD, London Winnicott, D,W (1971), Playing and Reality, Routledge Classics, London and New York Winnicott, D,W (1965), The Maturational Process and the Facilitating Enviroment, The Hogarth Press, London. Yorke, C. (1971). Some Suggestions for a Critique of Kleinian Psychology. Psychoanal. St. Child, 26:129-155. REFERENCES Read up 2 p 792 http://www.pep-web.org/document.php?id=paq.065.0787atype=hitlistnum=1query=zone1%3Darticle%26zone2%3Dparagraphs%26title%3Dfalse%2Bself%2Bwinnicott%26sort%3Dauthor%252Caath_user=laprjgreen3ath_ttok=%3CSxcdiKPuNxKtfCaeBg%3E To Mrs. Klein, aggression inevitably distorts the childs picture of the world, making him feel attacked with hatred whenever he is at all thwarted or deprived. Early environment may do much to increase, or lessen, this sense of persecution; but a bad home does not create it, nor does a good one prevent it from appearing. Balint, M

Linguistics Lecture Essay

Today’s Objective †¢ Begin to understand the fundamental ways of thinking in Linguistics. Some properties of grammar †¢ †¢ †¢ creativity generality parity Some properties of grammar: Parity ? all grammars are equally valid prescriptive grammar descriptive grammar ? ? Is this statement a scienti? c observation? A. Yes B. No People who live in East Hamilton often say â€Å"I seen him† where they should say â€Å"I saw him† Clicker frequency is BD. Is this statement a scienti?  c observation? A. Yes B. No In Finnish, prepositions come after nouns. Kissa on poydan alla cat is table under â€Å"The cat is under the table† Is this statement a scienti? c observation? A. Yes B. No If you end a sentence with a preposition you sound ignorant. Gymboree is one of the stores that I shop at. Gymboree is one of the stores at which I shop. Clicker frequency is BD. Clicker frequency is BD. Some properties of grammar: Universality ? ? ? ? all grammars share some universal properties phonological syntactic etc. Some properties of grammar: Mutability ? ? ? ? all grammars change over time sounds words & word forms sentence structures [w] not [hw] in Canada by age Some properties of grammar: Inaccessibility ? almost all grammatical knowledge is unconscious (a. k. a. implicit) How can we observe unconscious knowledge? Some properties of grammar ? ? ? ? ? ? creativity generality parity universality mutability inaccessibility.

Biology Prefixes and Suffixes chrom- or chromo-

Good And Evil A Good Man - 1059 Words

In many cases the image and placement of good and evil seem to be fairly easy to identify. Good and evil are viewed differently in many people’s eyes. In A Good Man is Hard to Find, good and evil seem to be easy to understand and identify, but once true horror comes into the equation, the characters true values become apparent. Flannery O Connor’s A Good Man is Hard to Find is about a grandmother and her family traveling to their vacation spot in Florida. Along the way the grandmother remembers a house that she used to go to and asks to go there. On the way to the house, the car crashes and a hearse stops, seeming to come to their aid. A man steps out of the car and the grandmother recognizes him at once. This man is an outlaw named The Misfit, who had just escaped from prison. The grandmother begins begging for her life and tries multiple tactics to win his favor, all while her family is being killed one by one. Although there are a handful of characters in this story , it focuses a grandmother and an outlaw named the Misfit. In A Good Man is Hard to Find, Flannery O Connor takes the two main characters, the grandmother and the Misfit, blurs the image of good and evil and gives the wicked grandmother a chance to be saved from The Misfit. The grandmother’s personality drives this story into motion and does not fit the typical image of a grandmother. The grandmother did not want to go to Florida with her family; she wantedShow MoreRelatedIs Man Naturally Good Or Evil?972 Words   |  4 Pagesof whether man is inherently good or evil has vexed humanity since its appearance. Is man naturally good? Does he live in a state of the noble savage? Or was his natural habitat ,nasty , brutish and short? These questions are important because they help inform the way in which we treat our fellow human beings and structure of society. If man is in fact naturally bad then there is little to be gained in trying to make bad people better. Similarly, if we think that people are naturally good, then oneRead MoreGood vs. Evil in â€Å"a Good Man Is Hard to Find† Essay1052 Words   |  5 PagesGood vs. Evil in â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† Flannery O’Connor shows her readers a realistic look at their own mortality in â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find.† The story is about a family of five, a father, mother, grandmother, and two children, starting out on a vacation to Florida from Georgia. The family, on their way to a routine vacation, takes a detour that will change their lives forever. Through the use of literary elements like symbolism and characterization, O’Connor creates a theme ofRead More Good And Evil Are Bedfellows in Flannery O’Connor A Good Man is Hard to Find1072 Words   |  5 PagesThe Flannery O’Connor story â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† illustrates a parallel between the Misfit and the grandmother, showing that good and evil are not mutually exclusive in an individual. The grandmother and the Misfit display a flowing, changing state of character, representative of this shift. Flannery O’Connor develops these two characters on the surface as sim ply being a good person and a bad person. However, there is more to each character than the surface level, as they exhibit traitsRead More The Power Of Good And Evil in Flannery OConnors A Good Man is Hard to Find 1850 Words   |  8 PagesThe Power Of Good And Evil in Flannery OConnors A Good Man is Hard to Find  Ã‚        Ã‚   Good and bad. Right and wrong. Guilty and Innocent. These are just a few of the many themes that surround everyones life. Everyone has their own opinion about certain issues, and they depend on their values, judgment, and beliefs to see them through their difficulties. Flannery OConnor was quoted as saying I see from the standpoint of Christian orthodoxy. This means the meaning of life is centered in ourRead MoreEvil In Young Goodman Brown And A Good Man Is Hard To Find.1155 Words   |  5 PagesEvil in Young Goodman Brown and A Good Man is Hard to Find The short stories, A Good Man Is Hard to Find by Flannery O Connor and Young Goodman Brown by Nathaniel Hawthorne, introduce into each of their stories characters impacted by malefic. A path deviation undertaken by the family in A Good Man is hard to find leads to a perilous end. On the other hand, the road that takes Brown in â€Å"Young Goodman Brown leads him into an endless misfortune. With different traits and attitudes of the otherRead MoreIdentifying Evil in Flannery OConnors A Good Man is Hard to Find2008 Words   |  9 PagesFlannery O’Connor’s short story â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find†, is tale about a grandmother who unknowingly steers her family to a fatal meeting with a fugitive. The chance encounter with the murderous fugitive ultimately costs the grandmother and her family their lives. Sticking with the Southern Gothic genre, O’Connor takes odd characters and mixes in dark encounters to produce a story packed full of hidden meanings and foreshadowing (Language and Literature, 2). At first glance, it seems easy toRead MoreIs Friar Lawrence a Good Man, Evil Character or Simply a Misguided and Bumbling Individual?1558 Words   |  7 PagesFriar Lawrence plays a strong central character throughout the play, Romeo and Juliet. The Friar is linked to both the Capulet’s and the Montague’s through religion and the church. Friar Lawrence is presented as a â€Å"holy man† who is trusted and respected by the community because he is a priest. Friar Lawrence is an advisor and close friend to Romeo. This is apparent when Romeo addresses the Friar as â€Å"father† and Friar Lawrence addresses Romeo as his â€Å"son.† Romeo goes to Friar Lawrence for helpRead MoreAleksandr Solzhenitsyn : The Battleline Between Good And Evil Runs Through The Heart Of Every Man2473 Words   |  10 PagesAccording to Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, â€Å"The battleline between good and evil runs through the heart of every man.† Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn is a Russian novelist, born on December 11, 1918. From an early age, Solzhenitsyn was interested in becoming a writer, and began sending his writings for publication. He received a degree in mathematics and physics from the University of Rostv-na-Donu but had to put his career aside due to World War II. In 1945, Solzhenitsyn was arrest for letters he wrote that criticizedRead MoreInfluences Of Good And Evil And Man s True Nature Shown Within Lord Of The Flies Essay2034 Words   |  9 PagesInfluences of Good and Evil and Man’s True Nature shown in Lord of the Flies A journey up a mountain to forgive our wrongdoings ends with the brutal death of our so called â€Å"savior† by the people whom he was trying to save. Who does this sound like to you? Jesus? You are right, however Simon from Lord of the Flies could also be considered correct because he is a Christ like figure. The Freudian theory is a theory in literature that explains the relationships between characters and their influencesRead MoreComparison of Evil in Edgar Allan Poe ´s The Cask of Amontillado and Flannery O ´Connor ´s A Good Man is Hard to Find993 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† by Edgar Allan Poe and â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† by Flannery OConnor explore the depths of evil and what makes an individual truly evil. They both question are understanding of evil and the different forms it may present itself in. These stories do an equally good job at getting the reader to see true evil first hand, even though they present evil in much different ways. As humans we can differentiate evil from good most of the time there is usually a clean cut line from